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Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
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Everything about Nineteenth Amendment To The United States Constitution totally explained

The Nineteenth Amendment (Amendment XIX) to the United States Constitution provides that neither any individual state or the federal government may deny a citizen the right to vote because of that citizen's sex.

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History

The Nineteenth Amendment was specifically intended to extend suffrage to women. It was proposed on June 4 1919 and ratified on August 18 1920.
   The Nineteenth Amendment was the culmination of the work of many activists in favor of women's suffrage. One such group called the Silent Sentinels protested in front of the White House for 18 months starting in 1917 to raise awareness of the issue.
   On January 9 1918, President Woodrow Wilson announced his support of the amendment. The next day, the House of Representatives narrowly passed the amendment but the Senate refused to even debate it until October. When the Senate voted on the amendment in October, it failed by three votes.
   In response, the National Woman's Party urged citizens to vote against anti-suffrage senators up for election in the fall of 1918. After the 1918 election, most members of Congress were pro-suffrage. On May 21 1919, the House of Representatives passed the amendment by a vote of 304 to 89, and 2 weeks later on June 4, the Senate finally followed, where the amendment passed by a vote of 56 to 25.
   It was ratified on August 18 1920, upon its ratification by Tennessee, the thirty-sixth state to do so. Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby certified the ratification on August 26 1920.
   On February 27, 1922, a challenge to the Nineteenth Amendment was rebuffed by the Supreme Court of the United States in Leser v. Garnett.

Proposal and ratification

The Congress proposed the Nineteenth Amendment on June 4 1919. The following states ratified the amendment:
  1. Illinois (June 10 1919, reaffirmed on June 17 1919)
  2. Michigan (June 10 1919)
  3. Wisconsin (June 10 1919)
  4. Kansas (June 16 1919)
  5. New York (June 16 1919)
  6. Ohio (June 16 1919)
  7. Pennsylvania (June 24 1919)
  8. Massachusetts (June 25 1919)
  9. Texas (June 28 1919)
  10. Iowa (July 2 1919)
  11. Missouri (July 3 1919)
  12. Arkansas (July 28 1919)
  13. Montana (August 2 1919)
  14. Nebraska (August 2 1919)
  15. Minnesota (September 8 1919)
  16. New Hampshire (September 10 1919)
  17. Utah (October 2 1919)
  18. California (November 1 1919)
  19. Maine (November 5 1919)
  20. North Dakota (December 1 1919)
  21. South Dakota (December 4 1919)
  22. Colorado (December 15 1919)
  23. Kentucky (January 6 1920)
  24. Rhode Island (January 6 1920)
  25. Oregon (January 13 1920)
  26. Indiana (January 16 1920)
  27. Wyoming (January 27 1920)
  28. Nevada (February 7 1920)
  29. New Jersey (February 9 1920)
  30. Idaho (February 11 1920)
  31. Arizona (February 12 1920)
  32. New Mexico (February 21 1920)
  33. Oklahoma (February 28 1920)
  34. West Virginia (March 10 1920)
  35. Washington (March 22 1920)
  36. Tennessee (August 18 1920)
Ratification was completed on August 18 1920. The amendment was subsequently ratified by the following states:
  • Connecticut (September 14 1920, reaffirmed on September 21 1920)
  • Vermont (February 8 1921)
  • Delaware (March 6 1923, after being rejected on June 2 1920)
  • Maryland (March 29 1941 after being rejected on February 24 1920; not certified until February 25 1958)
  • Virginia (February 21 1952, after being rejected on February 12 1920)
  • Alabama (September 8 1953, after being rejected on September 22 1919)
  • Florida (May 13 1969)
  • South Carolina (July 1 1969, after being rejected on January 28 1920; not certified until August 22 1973)
  • Georgia (February 20 1970, after being rejected on July 24 1919)
  • Louisiana (June 11 1970, after being rejected on July 1 1920)
  • North Carolina (May 6 1971)
  • Mississippi (March 22 1984, after being rejected on March 29 1920)Further Information

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